态度 · 10 5 月, 2025 0

制造业对美国国家安全的重要性:挑战、政策与未来展望

I. 执行摘要

一个强大且具有韧性的美国制造业部门对于支撑国家安全至关重要,尤其是在潜在的未来冲突中。制造业与军事后勤、技术创新和国家经济基础紧密相连,确保美国在冲突中保持优势。然而,美国制造业目前正面临着严峻的挑战,包括生产能力下降、对全球供应链的过度依赖以及关键的劳动力短缺。为了克服这些问题,需要持续的政策努力和战略投资。2025年的政策趋势,例如《芯片和科学法案》的实施以及国防预算的增加,都显示了政府对这一领域的重视。尽管如此,为了确保美国在未来的冲突中取得胜利,仍然需要采取进一步的果断行动。

II. 不可或缺的联系:美国制造业与国家安全

  • A. 支撑军事后勤和战备状态:
    强大的国内制造业基础对于及时、安全地生产军事装备、武器以及维持和平时期和战争时期行动所需的必需品至关重要 1。军事后勤涵盖了支持冲突中军事人员所需的所有资源的运输和协调 3。依赖外国资源来获取关键军事物资会带来供应链在危机时期中断的风险 2。美国国防部(DOD)正致力于建立一个具有韧性的国防工业生态系统,旨在威慑潜在的对手并满足不断演变的威胁所带来的生产需求 1。国防工业战略强调了有弹性的供应链的重要性,包括建立公私合作伙伴关系、风险分担机制和技术应用 1。这种战略还呼吁增加战略和关键系统的储备,以减少近期风险,实现国防工业基础供应商的多样化,扩大生产方法,并应对供应链中不断演变的网络威胁 1。一个强大的制造业部门直接影响着美国投射力量和维持全球军事行动的能力。如果美国不能在国内生产足够的零部件和系统,其军事行动的节奏和持续性将受到严重限制 4。
  • B. 驱动技术创新和卓越性:
    制造业在将研究和开发(R&D)转化为切实的军事优势方面发挥着关键作用 5。先进制造技术,如增材制造(3D打印),对于以经济高效的方式快速生产尖端国防能力至关重要 7。制造业的进步与生物技术、微电子和高超音速等关键技术领域息息相关 7。国防创新部门(DIU)发起的“蓝色制造计划”旨在将商业制造商与国防技术公司联系起来,以扩大生产规模 9。这项计划旨在发现并认证先进的商业制造商,使他们能够迅速与尖端技术公司建立联系,从而在3D打印、自动化和高效率生产等领域实现商业技术的开发和整合 9。这种结合对于快速、安全地在全球范围内扩大国防技术的生产至关重要 9。一个充满活力的国内制造业部门是美国军事技术持续进步的基础,能够有效利用先进军事技术,同时最大限度地降低外国破坏的风险 3。
  • C. 巩固国家力量的经济基础:
    一个蓬勃发展的制造业部门有助于经济增长、创造就业和提升国家整体繁荣,这对于维持强大的军队和在全球范围内投射力量至关重要 2。制造业对GDP、生产力增长、出口和研发支出做出了重要贡献 5。每创造一个制造业岗位,就能在更广泛的经济中带动更多就业机会 5。相反,一个薄弱的制造业部门可能会放大拥有强大工业基础的对手所构成的威胁 2。2024年第四季度,制造业以年率计算为美国经济贡献了2.94万亿美元 12。制造业的附加值产出从2024年第三季度的2.925万亿美元增长到第四季度的2.937万亿美元 12。此外,对于制造业每花费的1美元,会对美国整体经济产生2.64美元的总影响 12。一个强大的制造业部门不仅直接创造财富,还通过其广泛的供应链和对其他产业的需求,间接地促进经济活动 11。

III. 国内面临的挑战:评估美国制造业的薄弱环节

  • A. 生产能力和实力下降:
    美国制造业占总就业人口的比例长期以来一直在下降 4。到2024年底,制造业就业仅占总就业的约8% 13。制造业的产能利用率也呈现波动,有时低于长期平均水平 16。2025年1月,制造业产出环比下降0.1%,这一下降主要是由于汽车和零部件生产大幅下降5.2%所致 17。美国在发生旷日持久的冲突时,能否以所需的数量生产必要的零部件和组件,令人担忧 4。持续的贸易逆差也导致了制造业基础的“空心化” 14。从1997年到2024年,美国失去了大约500万个制造业工作岗位,经历了历史上最大的制造业就业人数下降之一 14。
  • B. 依赖全球供应链和地缘政治风险:
    美国严重依赖复杂的全球供应链,特别是对于关键材料和零部件而言 2。COVID-19疫情和地缘政治紧张局势(如红海袭击事件)暴露了这些供应链的脆弱性 3。尤其令人担忧的是,美国在国防相关的重要物资方面依赖中国等竞争对手 3。全球供应链中断的频率和影响都在增加 20。Resilinc的数据显示,2024年全球供应链中断事件较上一年增加了38% 21。地缘政治风险在2024年也急剧上升,增幅达123%,红海危机是其中影响最大的事件之一 21。美国与中国的紧张关系以及对台湾战略重要性的关注,进一步加剧了全球贸易的不稳定性 21。
  • C. 关键劳动力短缺,尤其是在技术工人方面:
    未来十年,美国预计将面临制造业工人严重短缺的问题,尤其是在技术工人方面 12。预计到2033年,美国将面临190万制造业工人的缺口 25。造成短缺的原因包括劳动力老龄化、年轻人对制造业的认知偏差以及培训项目不足 27。劳动力短缺影响了生产能力和满足需求的能力 4。尽管制造业的平均年收入较高,但仍然难以吸引足够的工人 25。目前有超过45万个制造业职位空缺 25。
  • D. 制造业运营面临日益增长的网络安全威胁:
    由于数字化和互联系统的普及,制造业设施越来越容易受到网络攻击 2。网络攻击可能导致生产中断、供应链中断和知识产权盗窃,这些都可能对国家安全产生影响 2。全球供应链的互联性也增加了网络安全漏洞的风险 2。因此,制造业部门需要建立强大的网络安全协议和培训 34。随着物联网设备的增加,人工智能和云技术的应用,制造商面临的网络安全风险也在不断扩大 34。勒索软件和数据泄露事件可能会增加,尤其是一些可能没有专门IT部门的小型企业 34。

IV. 政策回应与趋势:2025年的态势

  • A. 《芯片和科学法案》的实施和影响:
    《芯片法案》旨在促进国内半导体制造,确保供应链安全,并促进研发 36。该法案提供了包括补贴和税收抵免在内的财政激励,并吸引了半导体公司的投资 36。这些投资有望提高美国的制造能力和国家安全 39。自《芯片法案》生效以来,美国半导体行业已投资超过2000亿美元用于制造,并创造了超过6000个新的高质量就业岗位 39。美国有望在2032年前将其半导体制造能力提高两倍 39。然而,该法案的实施也面临着一些挑战和批评 38。
  • B. 2025财年国防预算增加和制造业投资:
    拟议的2025财年国防预算重点在于保持一支战备、致命且具有可靠作战能力的联合部队 45。预算包括用于振兴国防工业基础、推动创新和照顾国防部人员的关键投资 45。2025财年的国防预算申请包括1432亿美元的研发、测试和评估(RDT&E)以及1675亿美元的采购 45。预算还重点投资于空军力量、海军力量、陆军力量和太空能力等关键领域 45。国防生产法和工业基础分析与维持计划也获得了重视 49。
  • C. 《国家国防工业战略》(NDIS)及其执行情况:
    NDIS旨在建立具有弹性的供应链、提高劳动力战备状态、实现灵活的采购以及促进经济威慑 1。NDIS实施计划(NDIS-IP)概述了实现NDIS目标的详细计划,包括六项关键举措 1。这些举措旨在激励建立一个现代化的、具有韧性的国防工业生态系统 54。2025年,NDIS的实施工作正在进行中,但也面临着一些进展和挑战 53。国防部估计,在2025至2029财年期间,至少需要230亿美元才能实现这六项实施计划 57。
  • D. 其他加强制造业的政府举措:
    美国小企业管理局(SBA)启动了“美国制造”制造业倡议 58。特朗普政府发布了与关键矿产和供应链安全相关的行政命令 14。国会也正在推动“促进弹性供应链法案”等立法 61。政府还强调执行“购买美国货法案”等国内含量采购法律 41。国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)等机构也积极支持制造业创新 34。国防创新部门(DIU)启动了“蓝色制造计划”,旨在加强先进制造业在国家安全领域的应用 9。

V. 对比分析:美国制造业实力与全球竞争对手

  • A. 美国与中国国防制造业能力对比:
    美国和中国在造船能力方面存在显著差距 22。中国的造船能力估计是美国的230倍 64。中国的海军已经是世界上最大的海军 64。尽管美国在国防开支方面仍然领先,但中国的国防预算持续快速增长 62。中国推行军民融合战略,确保其产业服务于军事需求 62。然而,美国在高科技生产和创新方面仍然保持优势 66。美国政府对中国快速获取高端武器系统表示担忧 67。
  • B. 美国与俄罗斯国防制造业能力对比:
    俄罗斯已加大国防生产以应对乌克兰战争 68。在某些领域,如炮弹,俄罗斯的产量已超过美国和北约的总和 69。然而,俄罗斯在技术和设备方面依赖进口,可能来自中国 71。西方制裁对俄罗斯的军工产业产生了一定的影响 72。美国和俄罗斯的整体国防开支和军事实力存在显著差异 75。俄罗斯的军工产业拥有庞大的劳动力队伍,截至2024年约有350万人 69。
  • C. 制造业战略和生态系统的主要差异:
    中国制定了“中国制造2025”等长期产业规划 76。国家支持和战略投资在中国制造业发展中发挥着重要作用 77。美国则侧重于创新和高附加值制造业 66。劳动力成本和监管环境的不同也影响着两国的制造业发展 66。中国“中国制造2025”的目标是到2025年将核心零部件和材料的国内含量提高到70% 78。

VI. 地缘政治博弈:全球紧张局势和去全球化的影响

  • A. 通过回流和友岸外包重塑供应链:
    越来越多的公司将制造业迁回美国(回流)或迁至盟友国家(友岸外包),以增强供应链的韧性 34。这一趋势的驱动因素包括地缘政治风险、贸易战和疫情相关的中断 41。这有助于减少美国对敌对国家的依赖,从而提升国家安全 41。然而,这些转变也带来了一些潜在的挑战和成本 86。截至2022年4月,81%的全球供应链领导者表示已启动原材料的双重采购,较上一年惊人地增长了26% 87。
  • B. 与中国和俄罗斯的地缘政治紧张局势对制造业的影响:
    与中国日益紧张的关系引发了对供应链安全、技术转让和潜在军事冲突的担忧 20。关税和贸易限制影响了制造成本和供应链 84。俄乌冲突也对全球供应链和国防工业基础产生了影响 19。地缘政治的不稳定性可能导致进一步的干扰 96。
  • C. 新兴经济体的崛起及其影响:
    中国和印度等新兴经济体的经济增长正在影响全球制造业格局和美国的竞争力 5。这为美国制造业带来了挑战和机遇 11。美国需要保持其技术优势并专注于高附加值制造业 5。创新和生产力增长对于保持竞争力至关重要 11。2024年2月,美国新制造设施的年度投资额接近2250亿美元,即使在通胀调整后也创下历史新高 42。

VII. 专家观点:美国制造业服务于国家安全的未来轨迹

  • A. 智库对2025年及以后的分析和预测:
    智库报告强调需要一个更灵活、更具响应性和更具韧性的国防工业基础,以应对未来战争和与大国竞争的挑战 8。专家们普遍认为,产业政策需要超越国防工业基础的范畴,涵盖整个制造业生态系统,以加强国家安全 8。对技术进步、供应链韧性和劳动力发展的预测也受到关注 8。
  • B. 专家关于加强制造业以应对未来战争的意见:
    专家们建议进行政策变革、增加投资和制定战略,以增强美国制造业服务于国家安全的能力 41。公私合作伙伴关系和与盟友的合作被认为是至关重要的 1。先进制造技术和劳动力发展也备受重视 1。国防工业基础需要稳定且充足的预算 56。
  • C. 美国制造业的潜在挑战和机遇:
    政策不确定性和政治辩论的潜在影响可能会阻碍制造业部门(特别是国防工业基础)的长期投资和规划 56。国防、可再生能源和半导体等领域存在增长机会 126。持续需要应对成本压力和国际竞争 126。人工智能和自动化具有改变制造业的潜力 34。

VIII. 加强制造业基础的建议

  • A. 加强供应链弹性:
    实施激励供应链多元化并减少对单一来源(特别是来自敌对国家)依赖的政策。建立公私合作伙伴关系以绘制关键供应链并识别漏洞 1。增加战略和关键材料的储备 1。促进与可信赖的盟友和伙伴的“友岸外包” 8。加强应对供应链网络威胁的努力 1。
  • B. 投资于劳动力战备和技能发展:
    扩大对职业培训项目和学徒计划的投资,以解决技术工人短缺问题 1。发起全国性宣传活动,以改善年轻人对制造业职业的看法 8。推行多元化和包容性举措,以扩大制造业人才库 1。支持继续教育和技能提升计划,使劳动力为先进制造技术做好准备 31。
  • C. 增强技术创新和应用:
    增加对与国家安全相关的先进制造技术研发的资金投入 3。简化采购流程,以促进创新技术的快速应用 1。加强国防部、商业技术公司和学术界之间的合作 1。激励开发和采用灵活敏捷的制造流程 8。
  • D. 实施战略性产业政策:
    制定一项综合性的国家产业战略,整合国防和民用制造业部门 8。对关键制造业部门进行有针对性的公共投资,以加强经济和国家安全 8。战略性地利用包括关税和贸易协定在内的政策工具,以支持国内制造业,同时确保公平贸易行为 14。加强政府采**购中对国内含量要求的执行力度 41。
  • E. 加强经济威慑:
    与盟友和伙伴合作,建立一个具有韧性的全球国防工业生态系统 8。实施措施以应对敌对资本并保护国防相关产业免受外国干预 1。确保潜在的对手因威胁美国安全的行为而面临严重的经济后果 1。
  • F. 应对网络安全风险:
    为制造业部门,特别是国防工业基础,制定和实施强有力的网络安全标准和最佳实践 2。加强政府和产业界在网络威胁方面的信息共享和合作 35。投资于培训项目,以提高制造业劳动力队伍的网络安全意识和技能 34。

IX. 结论

一个强大且具有韧性的美国制造业部门对于21世纪的国家安全至关重要。美国制造业正面临着严峻的挑战,政府正在努力应对这些挑战。为了确保美国在未来冲突中的优势并保持全球领导地位,需要持续的承诺和进一步的战略行动。制造业在美国未来的安全保障中将继续发挥关键作用。

引用的著作

  1. DOD Releases First Defense Industrial Strategy, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3644527/dod-releases-first-defense-industrial-strategy/
  2. Manufacturing and National Security – Connected World, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://connectedworld.com/manufacturing-and-national-security/
  3. Manufacturing and National Security – ASME, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/manufacturing-and-national-security
  4. Achieving True Logistics Resiliency Within the United States | MITRE, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.mitre.org/news-insights/publication/achieving-true-logistics-resiliency-within-united-states
  5. U.S. Manufacturing Ecosystem Key to Economic Growth, Innovation, Competitiveness, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/article/3189049/us-manufacturing-ecosystem-key-to-economic-growth-innovation-competitiveness/
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  117. Manufacturing stability in 2025 | Grant Thornton, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.grantthornton.com/insights/articles/manufacturing/2025/manufacturing-stability-in-2025
  118. Reading between the lines of the new US National Defense Industrial Strategy, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/reading-between-the-lines-of-the-new-us-national-defense-industrial-strategy/
  119. Revising Missile Controls Is Necessary to Help Allies and Prevent New Nuclear States, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://nuclearnetwork.csis.org/revising-missile-controls-is-necessary-to-help-allies-and-prevent-new-nuclear-states/
  120. Strengthening the Aerospace and Defense industrial supply chain, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://breakingdefense.com/2025/04/strengthening-the-aerospace-and-defense-industrial-supply-chain/
  121. Future warfare depends on agile, measurable software development – Breaking Defense, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://breakingdefense.com/2025/05/future-warfare-depends-on-agile-measurable-software-development/
  122. DoD ManTech – Home, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.dodmantech.mil/
  123. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE – Mandate for Leadership, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://static.project2025.org/2025_MandateForLeadership_CHAPTER-04.pdf
  124. Experts Say Special Ops Has Made Good AI Progress, But There’s Still Room to Grow, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/4177966/experts-say-special-ops-has-made-good-ai-progress-but-theres-still-room-to-grow/
  125. Place-Based Innovation and Its National Security Implications, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, http://www.cfr.org/article/place-based-innovation-and-its-national-security-implications
  126. Why US Manufacturing Isn’t Headed for a Golden Age in 2025, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://manufacturing-today.com/news/why-us-manufacturing-isnt-headed-for-a-golden-age-in-2025/
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FY2025 NDAA: Congressional Efforts to Bolster U.S. Resilience Against Chinese Tech and Influence | Inside Government Contracts, 访问时间为 五月 9, 2025, https://www.insidegovernmentcontracts.com/2025/02/fy2025-ndaa-congressional-efforts-to-bolster-u-s-resilience-against-chinese-tech-and-influence/